Rural–Urban Inequality in China
نویسنده
چکیده
share of income inequality.1 In part, today’s rural–urban gap reflects the institutional legacies of socialism. Beginning in the 1950s, Communist Party leaders clearly separated urban and rural residents through a strictly enforced residential permit (hukou) system (see chapter 3), establishing urban and industrial development as the main objective of economic planning. Urban workers were provided with an “iron rice bowl” of lifetime employment, as well as health care, housing, and pension benefits. Rural residents were organized into collectives, in which access to basic health care and education was substantially improved. However, in order to subsidize rapid industrialization, the planning system set prices and directed investments in a manner that discriminated against agriculture and rural areas, leading to sharp differences in the living standards of urban and rural residents. C H A P T E R 2
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